Judicial Activism in Regional Head Election Dispute: The Practice and Consistency of The Indonesian Constitutional Court
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.56087/substantivejustice.v6i1.230Keywords:
Judicial Activism, Constitutional Court, Election Dispute, Election OffenseAbstract
The Constitutional Court's approach towards regional head election disputes is regarded as quite progressive and illustrates the growing trend of judicial activism. This article attempts to analyze the practice of activism by the Constitutional Court in the context of regional head election disputes and assess its consistency in simultaneous elections. This study uses a conceptual, statutory and case approach in analyzing several regional head election dispute decisions in 2020. The activism of the Constitutional Court in the context of regional head election disputes is at least practiced by judges through three things: first, the determination taken by the Constitutional Court to decide on re-voting and re-counting of votes; second, the willingness of the Court to consider election offenses that are structured, massive, and systematic; and third, the courage of judges to disqualify regional head candidates as well as determine the winner to provide legal certainty. This practice of activism is still being consistently pursued by judges in the 2020 simultaneous regional head elections. Even so, there is a tendency that structured, systematic and massive violations are not the main reason for terminating the election results, and even tend to be complicated by judges who demand more significant evidence. This condition will cause the burden of proving the structured, systematic and massive offenses to be much heavier in the future. This seems to be contradictory to previous decisions of the Constitutional Court which were known to prioritize substantive justice.
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References
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Dramanda, W. (2016). Menggagas Penerapan Judicial Restraint Di Mahkamah Konstitusi. Jurnal Konstitusi, 11(4), 617. https://doi.org/10.31078/jk1141
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King, J. A. (2008). Institutional Approaches to Judicial Restraint. Oxford Journal of Legal Studies, 28(3), 409–441. https://doi.org/10.1093/ojls/gqn020
Kmiec, K. D. (2004). The origin and current meanings of “Judicial activism.” California Law Review, 92(5), 1441–1477. https://doi.org/10.2307/3481421
Kosandi, M., & Wahono, S. (2020). Military Reform in the Post-New Order Indonesia: A Transitional or a New Subtle Role in Indonesian Democracy? Asian Politics & Policy, 12(2), 224–241. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/aspp.12534
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Lele, G. (2019). Asymmetric decentralization and the problem of governance: the case of Indonesia. Asian Politics & Policy, 11(4), 544–565.
Lewis, B. D. (2020). How do mayors get elected? The causal effects of pre-electoral coalitions on mayoral election outcomes in Indonesia. Local Government Studies, 46(3), 394–413. https://doi.org/10.1080/03003930.2019.1627334
Mahsun, M., Elizabeth, M. Z., & Mufrikhah, S. (2021). Female Candidates, Islamic Women’s Organisations, and Clientelism in the 2019 Indonesian Elections. Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs, 40(1), 73–92. https://doi.org/10.1177/1868103420988729
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Ramadani, R. (2020). Lembaga Negara Independen Di Indonesia Dalam Perspektif Konsep Independent Regulatory Agencies. Jurnal Hukum Ius Quia Iustum, 27(1). https://doi.org/10.20885/iustum.vol27.iss1.art9
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Rodríguez-garavito, C. (2011). Beyond the Courtroom?: The Impact of Judicial Activism on Socioeconomic Rights in Latin America (Vol. 1081). Taylor and Francis. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203797655-14
Rofiq, M. A., & Hamidah, T. (2021). Status Anak Luar Nikah (Judicial Activism Mahkamah Konstitusi dalam Putusan Nomor 46/PUU- VII/2010 Perspektif Mashlahah Izzuddin Bin Abdissalam). Islamitsch Familierecht Journal, 2(2), 126–163.
Rudy, R., & Purba, C. (2014). Karakteristik Sengketa Pemilukada Di Indonesia Evaluasi 5 Tahun Kewenangan MK Memutus Sengketa Pemilukada. Jurnal Konstitusi, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.31078/jk11110
Shayo, D. P. (2012). Digitalising Local Democracy: Citizen Participation in Monitoring Local Government Elections through Crowdsourcing Methods in Tanzania. Journal of African Politics, 2(1&2), 66–99. https://doi.org/10.58548/2022jap212.6699
Thirlway, H. (2022). Judicial activism and the International Court of Justice. In Liber Amicorum Judge Shigeru Oda (Vol. 1, Issue 1, pp. 75–105). https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004531161_013
Amarini, I. (2019). Implementation of Judicial Activism in Judge’S Decision. Jurnal Hukum Dan Peradilan, 8(1), 21. https://doi.org/10.25216/jhp.8.1.2019.21-38
Ayuni, Q. (2018). Gagasan Pengadilan Khusus Untuk Sengketa Hasil Pemilhan Kepala Daerah. Jurnal Hukum & Pembangunan, 48(1), 199–221. https://doi.org/10.21143/.vol48.no1.1602
Bakker, L. (2021). Electoral Dynamics in Indonesia: Money Politics, Patronage, and Clientelism at the Grassroots, by Edward Aspinall and Mada Sukmajati (eds). Bijdragen Tot de Taal-, Land- En Volkenkunde / Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia, 177(1), 128–130. https://doi.org/10.1163/22134379-17701002
Bolick, C. (1994). The Proper Role of “Judicial Activism.” Harvard Journal of Law & Public Policy, 42(1), 1–15.
Buana, M. S. (2020). Legal-Political Paradigm of Indonesian Constitutional Court?: Defending a Principled Instrumentalist. 6(1).
Carolina, M., & Maryanah, T. (2022). Fenomena money politics dan pembuktian terstruktur sistematis masif (tsm) pada pemilihan walikota dan wakil walikota bandar lampung 2020. Jurnal Ilmu Pemerintahan Widya Praja, 48(2), 141–158. https://doi.org/10.33701/jipwp.v48i2.1461
Claus, L., & Kay, R. (2010). Constitutional Courts as “Positive Legislators” in the United States. American Journal of Comparative Law, 58(1), 479–504. https://doi.org/10.5131/ajcl.2009.0018
Cohn, M., & Kremnitzer, M. (2016). Judicial Activism?: A Multidimensional Model. 2(2), 333–356.
Dramanda, W. (2016). Menggagas Penerapan Judicial Restraint Di Mahkamah Konstitusi. Jurnal Konstitusi, 11(4), 617. https://doi.org/10.31078/jk1141
Faiz, P. M. (2016a). Dimensi Judicial Activism dalam Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi. Jurnal Konstitusi, 13(2), 406–430. https://doi.org/10.31078/jk1328
Faiz, P. M. (2016b). The Protection Of Civil And Political Rights By The Constitutional Court Of Indonesia. Indonesia Law Review, 6(2), 158–179. https://doi.org/10.15742/ilrev.v6n2.230
Firmanto, T., Fadli, M., Safaat, M. A., & Istislam, I. (2021). The Dynamics of Organizing Institutions for the Resolution of Election Conflicts in Indonesia During 2005-2020 Period. Proceedings of the 2nd Annual Conference on Education and Social Science (ACCESS 2020), 556(Access 2020), 339–344. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.210525.103
Harijanti, S. D. (2010). Perkara Perselisihan Hasil Pemilihan Umum Kepala dan Wakil Kepala Daerah Provinsi Jawa Timur: Perspektif Hukum Acara Mahkamah Konstitusi. Jurnal Konstitusi, 2(1).
Hartlyn, J., McCoy, J., & Mustillo, T. M. (2008). Electoral Governance matters: Explaining the quality of elections in contemporary Latin America. Comparative Political Studies, 41(1), 73–98. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414007301701
Hidayaturrahman, M., Ngarawula, B., & Sadhana, K. (2022). Political investors: Political elite oligarchy and mastery of regional resources in Indonesia. Asian Journal of Comparative Politics, 7(2), 269–281. https://doi.org/10.1177/2057891120917213
Josev, T. (2017). The nursery years of “judicial activism”: From a historian’s shorthand to media catchphrase 1947-1962. Studies in Law Politics and Society, 72, 53–80. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1059-433720170000072003
Junaidi, V. (2010). Pelanggaran Sistematis, Terstruktur dan Masif?: Suatu Sebab Pembatalan Kehendak Rakyat dalam Pemilihan Kepala Daerah Tahun 2010. Wacana Hukum Dan Konstitusi, 7(5), 41–72. https://doi.org/10.31078/jk753
Kartabrata, A. (2022). Optimalisasi Kewenangan Badan Pengawas Pemilu (Bawaslu) \ Dalam Penegakan Pelanggaran Administrasi Secara Terstruktur, Sistematis Dan Massif Dalam Pemilihan Kepala Daerah (Pilkada). Jurnal Keadilan Pemilu, 1(3), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.55108/jkp.v1i3.158
Kasim, A., Supriyadi, & Purnamasari, A. I. (2021). Dekonstruksi Penanganan Pelanggaran Administrasi Yang Terstruktur, Sistematis Dan Masif Dalam Pilkada. Mimbar Hukum, 33(2), 494–520.
King, J. A. (2008). Institutional Approaches to Judicial Restraint. Oxford Journal of Legal Studies, 28(3), 409–441. https://doi.org/10.1093/ojls/gqn020
Kmiec, K. D. (2004). The origin and current meanings of “Judicial activism.” California Law Review, 92(5), 1441–1477. https://doi.org/10.2307/3481421
Kosandi, M., & Wahono, S. (2020). Military Reform in the Post-New Order Indonesia: A Transitional or a New Subtle Role in Indonesian Democracy? Asian Politics & Policy, 12(2), 224–241. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/aspp.12534
Kusdarini, E., Priyanto, A., Hartini, S., & Suripno, S. (2022). Roles of justice courts: settlement of general election administrative disputes in Indonesia. Heliyon, 8(12), e11932. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11932
Lele, G. (2019). Asymmetric decentralization and the problem of governance: the case of Indonesia. Asian Politics & Policy, 11(4), 544–565.
Lewis, B. D. (2020). How do mayors get elected? The causal effects of pre-electoral coalitions on mayoral election outcomes in Indonesia. Local Government Studies, 46(3), 394–413. https://doi.org/10.1080/03003930.2019.1627334
Mahsun, M., Elizabeth, M. Z., & Mufrikhah, S. (2021). Female Candidates, Islamic Women’s Organisations, and Clientelism in the 2019 Indonesian Elections. Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs, 40(1), 73–92. https://doi.org/10.1177/1868103420988729
Mietzner, M. (2010). Political conflict resolution and democratic consolidation in Indonesia: The role of the constitutional court. Journal of East Asian Studies, 10(3), 397–424. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1598240800003672
Mozaffar, S., & Schedler, A. (2002). The Comparative Study of Electoral Governance—Introduction. International Political Science Review, 23(1), 5–27. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192512102023001001
Nelson, M. (2023). Independent Redistricting Commissions Are Associated with More Competitive Elections. PS - Political Science and Politics, 56(2), 207–212. https://doi.org/10.1017/S104909652200124X
Noorwahidah. (2010). Sengketa Pemilukada Kotawaringin Barat ( Analisis Terhadap Putusan MK No . 45 / PHPU . D-VIII / 2010 dari Perspektif Hukum Negara dan Hukum Islam). Jurnal Konstitusi, 8(1).
Prabowo, B. S. (2022). Menggagas Judicial Activism dalam Putusan Presidential Threshold di Mahkamah Konstitusi. Jurnal Konstitusi, 19(1), 073. https://doi.org/10.31078/jk1914
Ramadani, R. (2020). Lembaga Negara Independen Di Indonesia Dalam Perspektif Konsep Independent Regulatory Agencies. Jurnal Hukum Ius Quia Iustum, 27(1). https://doi.org/10.20885/iustum.vol27.iss1.art9
Ramadani, R., & Rezah, F. S. (2021). Regional Head Election During COVID-19 Pandemic: the Antinomy in the Government Policies. Yuridika, 36(1), 213. https://doi.org/10.20473/ydk.v36i1.23528
Reininda, V. (2021a). Evaluasi Penanganan Sengketa Hasil Pilkada Serentak Tahun 2020 di Mahkamah Konstitusi. Jurnal Bawaslu Provinsi Kepulauan Riau, 3(1), 24–47. https://doi.org/10.55108/jbk.v3i1.247
Reininda, V. (2021b). Menakar Relevansi Pembentukan Badan Peradilan Khusus Penyelesaian Sengketa Hasil Pemilihan Kepala Daerah Tahun 2024. In Jurnal Bawaslu Provinsi Kepulauan Riau (Vol. 3, Issue 2, pp. 1–21). https://doi.org/10.55108/jbk.v3i2.254
Rodríguez-garavito, C. (2011). Beyond the Courtroom?: The Impact of Judicial Activism on Socioeconomic Rights in Latin America (Vol. 1081). Taylor and Francis. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203797655-14
Rofiq, M. A., & Hamidah, T. (2021). Status Anak Luar Nikah (Judicial Activism Mahkamah Konstitusi dalam Putusan Nomor 46/PUU- VII/2010 Perspektif Mashlahah Izzuddin Bin Abdissalam). Islamitsch Familierecht Journal, 2(2), 126–163.
Rudy, R., & Purba, C. (2014). Karakteristik Sengketa Pemilukada Di Indonesia Evaluasi 5 Tahun Kewenangan MK Memutus Sengketa Pemilukada. Jurnal Konstitusi, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.31078/jk11110
Shayo, D. P. (2012). Digitalising Local Democracy: Citizen Participation in Monitoring Local Government Elections through Crowdsourcing Methods in Tanzania. Journal of African Politics, 2(1&2), 66–99. https://doi.org/10.58548/2022jap212.6699
Thirlway, H. (2022). Judicial activism and the International Court of Justice. In Liber Amicorum Judge Shigeru Oda (Vol. 1, Issue 1, pp. 75–105). https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004531161_013
Published
2023-06-20
How to Cite
Amiruddin, A., & Ramadani, R. (2023). Judicial Activism in Regional Head Election Dispute: The Practice and Consistency of The Indonesian Constitutional Court. Substantive Justice International Journal of Law, 6(1), 56–70. https://doi.org/10.56087/substantivejustice.v6i1.230
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