Regional Cooperation in The Utilization of Trans-ASEAN Gas Pipelines: An International Law Perspective
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.56087/substantivejustice.v5i1.168Keywords:
Cross Border Pipelines, International Law, Trans-ASEAN Gas PipelinesAbstract
The Trans-ASEAN Gas Pipelines was a project of interconnected cross-border pipelines connecting ASEAN countries in a bilateral manner based on the cooperation stipulated in the Memorandum of Understanding of Trans-ASEAN Gas Pipelines. This paper will identify Trans-ASEAN Gas Pipelines with the two (two) cooperation models already practised worldwide, namely the interconnected model and the unified project model. The method used in this article was normative juridical, including the comparative approach and statute approach, by obtaining data from secondary sources. More specifically, this article would elaborate on which cooperation model could be adopted by Trans-ASEAN Gas Pipelines that would effectively govern the project. The results showed that the cooperation of Trans-ASEAN Gas Pipelines was unlike that practised by countries generally since the project consisted of both cross-border pipelines and regasification terminals. The decision to incorporate regasification terminals into the project was made to provide an alternative to the region's depleting gas supply. The model was not known in the cross-border pipeline regime and therefore could not be identified with the already known two models. Although Trans-ASEAN Gas Pipelines were a series of interconnected pipelines in nature, the implementation was not in accordance with the theory. A cross-border pipeline and terminal regasification should not be put together in the same energy transport project as they both have different characteristics, thus making the governance of the project complicated while a harmonized legal framework plays an essential aspect in cross-border infrastructure. Trans-ASEAN Gas Pipelines will only focus on cross-border pipelines and will follow the model of a cooperative project.
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References
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EIA. (2019b). Singapore 2019 primary energy data in quadrillion Btu. https://www.eia.gov/international/analysis/country/SGP
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Energy Charter Secretariat. (2015). Intergovernmental Agreements and Host Government Agreements on Oil and Gas Pipelines: A Comparison.
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Hayes, D. (2003). Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore, and Thailand to Construct New Gas Pipelines. Pipes & Pipelines International, 48(1), 10–13. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.473.1305&rep=rep1&type=pdf#page=12
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IEA. (2020b). Data and Statistics. Data and Statistics. https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics?country=WORLD&fuel=Energy supply&indicator=NatGasProd
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Mehdi, D. M., & Faure, M. (2014). The Effectiveness of Cross-Border Pipeline Safety and Environmental Regulations (under International Law). North Carolina Journal of International Law, 40(1). https://scholarship.law.unc.edu/ncilj/vol40/iss1/3
Mulyana, I. (2016). The Development of International Law in the Field of Renewable Energy. Hasanuddin Law Review, 1(1), 38–60. https://doi.org/10.20956/HALREV.V1I1.213
Peng, P., Lu, F., Cheng, S., & Yang, Y. (2021). Mapping the global liquefied natural gas trade network: A perspective of maritime transportation. Journal of Cleaner Production, 283, 124640. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2020.124640
Piri Damagh, M. (2015). Prevention and Compensation of Trans-Boundary Damage in Relation to Cross-Border (oil and gas) Pipelines [Maastricht University]. https://doi.org/10.26481/DIS.20151202MP
Ramli, H., & Abdullah, A. (2009). Journey of Ten Brothers in Securing Energy within ASEAN: Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow. International Gas Union. http://members.igu.org/html/wgc2009/papers/docs/wgcFinal00524.pdf
Rumesten, I. R. S., Febrian, Helmanida, & Ngadino, A. (2019). Community Participation Arrangements to Prevent Illegal Drilling. Hasanuddin Law Review, 4(3), 348–355. https://doi.org/10.20956/HALREV.V4I3.1291
Setiawan, A., Shahroom, A., Huang, T., & Zahidah, N. S. (2016). The Complexities Of Programme Management: Case Study Of Trans-Asean Gas Pipeline. PM World Journal, 5(5). https://pmworldlibrary.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/pmwj46-May2016-Complexities-of-Programme-Management-Trans-ASEAN-Gas-Pipeline-case-study.pdf
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Shi, X., Variam, H. M. P., & Shen, Y. (2019). Trans-ASEAN gas pipeline and ASEAN gas market integration: Insights from a scenario analysis. Energy Policy, 132, 83–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENPOL.2019.05.025
Siddiky, I. A. (2014). The international legal instruments for cross-border pipelines. In Research Handbook on International Energy Law (pp. 308–328). Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781781002209.00023
Sirait, A. (2017). Menyusul Exxon, PTT EP Hengkang dari East Natuna. Katadata.Co.Id. https://katadata.co.id/arnold/berita/5e9a5647a5565/menyusul-exxon-ptt-ep-hengkang-dari-east-natuna
Soekanto, S., & Mamudji, S. (2015). Penelitian Hukum Normatif?: Suatu Tinjauan Singkat. https://opac.perpusnas.go.id/DetailOpac.aspx?id=1174906
Sovacool, B. K. (2010). Exploring the Conditions for Cooperative Energy Governance: A Comparative Study of Two Asian Pipelines. Http://Dx.Doi.Org/10.1080/10357823.2010.527918, 34(4), 489–511. https://doi.org/10.1080/10357823.2010.527918
Stein, S. W. (2015). Introduction to the Financing of Cross-Border Gas Pipelines in Emerging Nations. Journal of Energy & Natural Resources Law, 21(3), 277–284. https://doi.org/10.1080/02646811.2003.11433331
Subadi, S. (2021). Land Procurement for Upstream Oil and Gas Business Activities in Indonesia. Brawijaya Law Journal, 8(1), 36–53. https://doi.org/10.21776/UB.BLJ.2021.008.01.03
Suryokusumo, S. (2008). Hukum Perjanjian Internasional. Tetanusa.
Suwanto, S., & Suryadi, B. (2021). ASEAN Oil and Gas Updates 2021 -. In ASEAN Centre for Energy. https://aseanenergy.org/asean-oil-and-gas-updates-2021/
Transgasindo. (2020). Energy Connect Synergy. https://www.tgi.co.id/company-in-brief.php
United Nation. (2020). UN Enable - Frequently Asked Questions regarding the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. https://www.un.org/esa/socdev/enable/convinfofaq.htm
Vinogradov, S. (1999). Cross-Border Pipelines in International Law. JSTOR, 14(2), 75–80. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40924388
Vinogradov, S., & Mete, G. (2013). Cross-Border Oil and Gas Pipelines in International Law. German Yearbook of International Law, 56(65). https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/gyil56&id=66&div=&collection=
Wang, H. (2016). Towards a Cooperative Framework for A China-Central Asia Energy Transit Community. Bursussels: Energy Charter Secretariat Knowledge Center. https://www.energycharter.org/what-we-do/knowledge-centre/occasional-papers/towards-a-cooperative-framework-for-a-china-central-asia-energy-transit-community/
Widarsono, B. (2007). Indonesian’s Natural Gas: Production, Reserves, and Challenges. Indonesian Journal of International Law, 4(2), 4. https://doi.org/10.17304/ijil.vol4.2.140
Widyastuti, N. L., & Nugroho, H. (2020). Dampak Covid-19 terhadap Industri Minyak dan Gas Bumi: Rekomendasi Kebijakan untuk Indonesia. Jurnal Perencanaan Pembangunan: The Indonesian Journal of Development Planning, 4(2), 166–176. https://doi.org/10.36574/JPP.V4I2.116
Published
2022-06-22
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Khadijah, M., Adolf, H., & Setiawan, S. (2022). Regional Cooperation in The Utilization of Trans-ASEAN Gas Pipelines: An International Law Perspective. Substantive Justice International Journal of Law, 5(1), 27–48. https://doi.org/10.56087/substantivejustice.v5i1.168
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