Women as Terrorists: a Motivational Factor Becomes a Terrorist In Indonesia
bahasa i
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.56087/substantivejustice.v5i1.162Keywords:
woman, terrorism movement, motivationAbstract
This study aims to determine whether women's motivation to become terrorists can threaten state security in Indonesia. This article shows that women are actors who play an active role in several acts of terrorism in the country. Factors that cause this to become a terrorist are low family, political and social economics, cultural influences, and ideology of religious beliefs. Terrorist acts carried out by women involve suicide bombings, destruction of public facilities, and destruction of houses of worship in several areas affected by terrorist acts. Researchers conducted research by analyzing data obtained from social media sources for data collection. After the data was received, it was processed through NVivo 12 Plus to make it more interesting. The theory used in this study uses the ladder of terrorism theory. The limitation of this research is that it uses only a few social media as data sources, so further research is expected to add richer data to expand the study.
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References
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Bjørnskov, C., & Voigt, S. (2021). Terrorism and emergency constitutions in the Muslim world. Journal of Peace Research. https://doi.org/10.1177/00223433211012445
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Hardy, K. (2020). Australia’s encryption laws: Practical need or political strategy? Internet Policy Review, 9(3), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.14763/2020.3.1493
Ilyas, M. (2021). Decolonising the terrorism industry: Indonesia. Social Sciences, 10(2), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci10020053
Khan, A., & Zhaoying, H. (2020). Iran-Hezbollah Alliance Reconsidered: What Contributes to the Survival of State-Proxy Alliance? Journal of Asian Security and International Affairs, 7(1), 101–123. https://doi.org/10.1177/2347797020906654
Krieger, T., & Meierrieks, D. (2019). Income inequality, redistribution and domestic terrorism. World Development, 116, 125–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.12.008
Mazzoli, G. (2021). Italianness in the United States between migrants’ informal gardening practices and agricultural diplomacy (1880-1912). Modern Italy, 26(2), 199–215. https://doi.org/10.1017/mit.2021.16
Meggitt, J. J. (2020). The problem of apocalyptic terrorism. Journal of Religion and Violence, 8(1), 58–104. https://doi.org/10.5840/jrv202061173
Miller, V., & Hayward, K. J. (2019). I Did my bit': Terrorism, trade and the vehicle-ramming attack as an imitative event. British Journal of Criminology, 59(1), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azy017
Mohammed, I. (2021a). De-radicalisation and humanitarianism in Indonesia. Social Sciences, 10(3), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci10030087
Mohammed, I. (2021b). Decolonising terrorism journals. Societies, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/soc11010006
Nagel, C., & Staeheli, L. (2015). International donors, NGOs, and the geopolitics of youth citizenship in contemporary Lebanon. Geopolitics, 20(2), 223–247. https://doi.org/10.1080/14650045.2014.922958
Nurhayati, A. (2015). Dekonstruksi Feminitas Dalam Gerakan Teroris Di Dunia Islam. Jurnal Review Politik, 5(1), 84–99.
Pelletier, P., & Drozda-Senkowska, E. (2019). Meaning-making and rumour-mongering in the shadow of terrorism: The case of the charlie hebdo attack in Paris. Journal of Social and Political Psychology, 7(2), 790–809. https://doi.org/10.5964/jspp.v7i2.1127
Pettinger, T. (2020). British terrorism preemption: Subjectivity and disjuncture in Channel "deradicalization" interventions. British Journal of Sociology, 71(5), 970–984. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-4446.12754
Pfefferbaum, B., Palka, J. M., & North, C. S. (2021). Associations between news media coverage of the 11 September attacks and depression in employees of New York City area businesses. Behavioral Sciences, 11(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/bs11030029
Pingree, C. S., Newberry, T. R., McMains, K. C., & Holt, G. R. (2020). Medical Ethics in Extreme and Austere Environments. HEC Forum, 32(4), 345–356. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10730-020-09405-9
Praditiani, S. (2017). Interpretasi Wanita Cadar pada Tanyangan Propaganda Kelompok ISIS. Jurnal Visi Komunikasi, 16(2), 112–121.
Rahman, K. A. (2020). News media and the Muslim identity after the Christchurch mosque massacres. Kotuitui, 15(2), 360–384. https://doi.org/10.1080/1177083X.2020.1747503
Ramešová, K. (2020). Public provocation to commit a terrorist offence: Balancing between the liberties and the security. Masaryk University Journal of Law and Technology, 14(1), 123–147. https://doi.org/10.5817/MUJLT2020-1-6
Ryan, M. (2017). Bush the transnationalist: A reappraisal of the unilateralist impulse in US foreign policy, 2001-2009. International Politics, 54(5), 561–582. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41311-017-0054-8
Saifullah, A. R. (2016). Issues of terrorism on the internet in the wave of democratization of post-reform Indonesia: A semiotic analysis. Indonesian Journal of Applied Linguistics, 5(2), 307–315. https://doi.org/10.17509/ijal.v5i2.1354
Skleparis, D., & Augestad Knudsen, R. (2020). Localising ‘radicalisation’: Risk assessment practices in Greece and the United Kingdom. British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 22(2), 309–327. https://doi.org/10.1177/1369148120910987
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Sulistjaningsih, S., & Mukhlasin, L. (2020). Re-Education: a Treatment To Revise the Misunderstanding of Terrorist Religion, a Study Case on First Female Terrorist in Indonesia. EMPATI: Jurnal Ilmu Kesejahteraan Sosial, 8(2), 92–108. https://doi.org/10.15408/empati.v8i2.14421
Urbaniak, M., Tundys, B., & Ankiel, M. (2021). Expectations of production companies operating in Poland towards suppliers with regards to implementation of the sustainability concept. Sustainability (Switzerland), 13(16). https://doi.org/10.3390/su13168683
Van Der Knaap, E. (2018). Representing 9/11: Journalism and autobiography in the work of Alexander Osang. Oxford German Studies, 47(2), 230–240. https://doi.org/10.1080/00787191.2018.1452768
van Heelsum, A., & Vermeulen, F. (2018). Cities’ Policies: the Work of European Cities to Counter Muslim Radicalisation. Journal of International Migration and Integration, 19(1), 161–179. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12134-017-0533-1
Warkum Sumitro, S. H. M. H. (2015). Deconstruction of jihad radicalism in Islamic law: A conceptual proposal to combat ISIS terrorism in Indonesia. Global Journal Al-Thaqafah, 5(2), 7–18. https://doi.org/10.7187/gjat862015.05.02
Welch, E., & Perivolaris, J. (2016). The place of the Republic: Space, territory and identity around and after Charlie Hebdo. French Cultural Studies, 27(3), 279–292. https://doi.org/10.1177/0957155816648107
Wildan, M., & Qibtiyah, A. (2020). Parenting style and the level of Islamism among senior high school students in Yogyakarta. Journal of Indonesian Islam, 14(1), 187–209. https://doi.org/10.15642/JIIS.2020.14.1.187-209
Younis, T., & Jadhav, S. (2020). Islamophobia in the National Health Service: an ethnography of institutional racism in PREVENT’s counter-radicalisation policy. Sociology of Health and Illness, 42(3), 610–626. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9566.13047
Yustisia, W., Shadiqi, M. A., Milla, M. N., & Muluk, H. (2020). An investigation of an Expanded Encapsulate Model of Social Identity in Collective Action (EMSICA) including perception of threat and intergroup contact to understand support for Islamist terrorism in Indonesia. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 23(1), 29–41. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajsp.12372
Zitácuaro?contreras, I., Vidal?álvarez, M., Hernández Y Orduña, M. G., Zamora?castro, S. A., Betanzo?torres, E. A., Marín?muñíz, J. L., & Sandoval?herazo, L. C. (2021). Environmental, economic, and social potentialities of ornamental vegetation cultivated in constructed wetlands of mexico. Sustainability (Switzerland), 13(11). https://doi.org/10.3390/su13116267
Altmann, T., & Giersch, J. (2021). Sanctioned terror: economic sanctions and more effective terrorism. International Politics. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41311-021-00318-z
Amelia, F., Widodo, P., & Budiarto, A. (2020). Motivasi Wanita Sebagai Pelaku Aksi Terorisme Di Indonesia. Jurnal Peperangan Asimetris, 6(1), 23–42.
Argomaniz, J., & Bermejo, R. (2019). Jihadism and crime in Spain: A convergence settings approach. European Journal of Criminology, 16(3), 351–368. https://doi.org/10.1177/1477370819829653
Aryani, S. A. (2020). Orientation of religiosity and radicalism: the dynamic of an ex-terrorist’s religiosity. Indonesian Journal of Islam and Muslim Societies, 10(2), 297–321. https://doi.org/10.18326/IJIMS.V10I2.297-321
Awan, I., & Guru, S. (2017). Parents of foreign “terrorist” fighters in Syria–will they report their young? Ethnic and Racial Studies, 40(1), 24–42. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2016.1206588
Bjørnskov, C., & Voigt, S. (2021). Terrorism and emergency constitutions in the Muslim world. Journal of Peace Research. https://doi.org/10.1177/00223433211012445
Blackwood, L., Hopkins, N., & Reicher, S. (2016). From Theorizing Radicalization to Surveillance Practices: Muslims in the Cross Hairs of Scrutiny. Political Psychology, 37(5), 597–612. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12284
Campion, K. (2020). Women in the extreme and radical right: Forms of participation and their implications. Social Sciences, 9(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/SOCSCI9090149
Chalmers, I. (2017). Countering Violent Extremism in Indonesia: Bringing Back the Jihadists. Asian Studies Review, 41(3), 331–351. https://doi.org/10.1080/10357823.2017.1323848
Chen, R., Chen, Z., & Yang, Y. (2021). The creation and operation strategy of disney's Mulan: Cultural appropriation and cultural discount. Sustainability (Switzerland), 13(5), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13052751
De Goede, M., & Simon, S. (2013). Governing Future Radicals in Europe. Antipode, 45(2), 315–335. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8330.2012.01039.x
El-Matrah, J., & Dabboussy, K. (2021). Guilty when innocent. Australian government's resistance to bringing home wives and children of Islamic state fighters. Social Sciences, 10(6). https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci10060202
Ette, M., & Joe, S. (2018). 'Rival visions of reality: An analysis of the framing of Boko Haram in Nigerian newspapers and Twitter. Media, War and Conflict, 11(4), 392–406. https://doi.org/10.1177/1750635218776560
Fajriansyah, Iskandarsyah, A., Puspitasari, I. M., & Lestari, K. (2020). Impact of pharmacist counseling on health-related quality of life of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a cluster-randomized controlled study. Journal of Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, 19(2), 675–682. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40200-020-00528-x
Fodeman, A. D., Snook, D. W., & Horgan, J. G. (2020). Picking Up and Defending the Faith: Activism and Radicalism Among Muslim Converts in the United States. Political Psychology, 41(4), 679–698. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12645
Hardy, K. (2020). Australia’s encryption laws: Practical need or political strategy? Internet Policy Review, 9(3), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.14763/2020.3.1493
Ilyas, M. (2021). Decolonising the terrorism industry: Indonesia. Social Sciences, 10(2), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci10020053
Khan, A., & Zhaoying, H. (2020). Iran-Hezbollah Alliance Reconsidered: What Contributes to the Survival of State-Proxy Alliance? Journal of Asian Security and International Affairs, 7(1), 101–123. https://doi.org/10.1177/2347797020906654
Krieger, T., & Meierrieks, D. (2019). Income inequality, redistribution and domestic terrorism. World Development, 116, 125–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.12.008
Mazzoli, G. (2021). Italianness in the United States between migrants’ informal gardening practices and agricultural diplomacy (1880-1912). Modern Italy, 26(2), 199–215. https://doi.org/10.1017/mit.2021.16
Meggitt, J. J. (2020). The problem of apocalyptic terrorism. Journal of Religion and Violence, 8(1), 58–104. https://doi.org/10.5840/jrv202061173
Miller, V., & Hayward, K. J. (2019). I Did my bit': Terrorism, trade and the vehicle-ramming attack as an imitative event. British Journal of Criminology, 59(1), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azy017
Mohammed, I. (2021a). De-radicalisation and humanitarianism in Indonesia. Social Sciences, 10(3), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci10030087
Mohammed, I. (2021b). Decolonising terrorism journals. Societies, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/soc11010006
Nagel, C., & Staeheli, L. (2015). International donors, NGOs, and the geopolitics of youth citizenship in contemporary Lebanon. Geopolitics, 20(2), 223–247. https://doi.org/10.1080/14650045.2014.922958
Nurhayati, A. (2015). Dekonstruksi Feminitas Dalam Gerakan Teroris Di Dunia Islam. Jurnal Review Politik, 5(1), 84–99.
Pelletier, P., & Drozda-Senkowska, E. (2019). Meaning-making and rumour-mongering in the shadow of terrorism: The case of the charlie hebdo attack in Paris. Journal of Social and Political Psychology, 7(2), 790–809. https://doi.org/10.5964/jspp.v7i2.1127
Pettinger, T. (2020). British terrorism preemption: Subjectivity and disjuncture in Channel "deradicalization" interventions. British Journal of Sociology, 71(5), 970–984. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-4446.12754
Pfefferbaum, B., Palka, J. M., & North, C. S. (2021). Associations between news media coverage of the 11 September attacks and depression in employees of New York City area businesses. Behavioral Sciences, 11(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/bs11030029
Pingree, C. S., Newberry, T. R., McMains, K. C., & Holt, G. R. (2020). Medical Ethics in Extreme and Austere Environments. HEC Forum, 32(4), 345–356. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10730-020-09405-9
Praditiani, S. (2017). Interpretasi Wanita Cadar pada Tanyangan Propaganda Kelompok ISIS. Jurnal Visi Komunikasi, 16(2), 112–121.
Rahman, K. A. (2020). News media and the Muslim identity after the Christchurch mosque massacres. Kotuitui, 15(2), 360–384. https://doi.org/10.1080/1177083X.2020.1747503
Ramešová, K. (2020). Public provocation to commit a terrorist offence: Balancing between the liberties and the security. Masaryk University Journal of Law and Technology, 14(1), 123–147. https://doi.org/10.5817/MUJLT2020-1-6
Ryan, M. (2017). Bush the transnationalist: A reappraisal of the unilateralist impulse in US foreign policy, 2001-2009. International Politics, 54(5), 561–582. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41311-017-0054-8
Saifullah, A. R. (2016). Issues of terrorism on the internet in the wave of democratization of post-reform Indonesia: A semiotic analysis. Indonesian Journal of Applied Linguistics, 5(2), 307–315. https://doi.org/10.17509/ijal.v5i2.1354
Skleparis, D., & Augestad Knudsen, R. (2020). Localising ‘radicalisation’: Risk assessment practices in Greece and the United Kingdom. British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 22(2), 309–327. https://doi.org/10.1177/1369148120910987
State Coroner of New South Wales. (2017). State Coroner of New South Wales Inquest into the deaths arising from the Lindt Café siege.
Sterling, J., Jost, J. T., & Hardin, C. D. (2019). Liberal and Conservative Representations of the Good Society: A (Social) Structural Topic Modeling Approach. SAGE Open, 9(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244019846211
Sulistjaningsih, S., & Mukhlasin, L. (2020). Re-Education: a Treatment To Revise the Misunderstanding of Terrorist Religion, a Study Case on First Female Terrorist in Indonesia. EMPATI: Jurnal Ilmu Kesejahteraan Sosial, 8(2), 92–108. https://doi.org/10.15408/empati.v8i2.14421
Urbaniak, M., Tundys, B., & Ankiel, M. (2021). Expectations of production companies operating in Poland towards suppliers with regards to implementation of the sustainability concept. Sustainability (Switzerland), 13(16). https://doi.org/10.3390/su13168683
Van Der Knaap, E. (2018). Representing 9/11: Journalism and autobiography in the work of Alexander Osang. Oxford German Studies, 47(2), 230–240. https://doi.org/10.1080/00787191.2018.1452768
van Heelsum, A., & Vermeulen, F. (2018). Cities’ Policies: the Work of European Cities to Counter Muslim Radicalisation. Journal of International Migration and Integration, 19(1), 161–179. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12134-017-0533-1
Warkum Sumitro, S. H. M. H. (2015). Deconstruction of jihad radicalism in Islamic law: A conceptual proposal to combat ISIS terrorism in Indonesia. Global Journal Al-Thaqafah, 5(2), 7–18. https://doi.org/10.7187/gjat862015.05.02
Welch, E., & Perivolaris, J. (2016). The place of the Republic: Space, territory and identity around and after Charlie Hebdo. French Cultural Studies, 27(3), 279–292. https://doi.org/10.1177/0957155816648107
Wildan, M., & Qibtiyah, A. (2020). Parenting style and the level of Islamism among senior high school students in Yogyakarta. Journal of Indonesian Islam, 14(1), 187–209. https://doi.org/10.15642/JIIS.2020.14.1.187-209
Younis, T., & Jadhav, S. (2020). Islamophobia in the National Health Service: an ethnography of institutional racism in PREVENT’s counter-radicalisation policy. Sociology of Health and Illness, 42(3), 610–626. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9566.13047
Yustisia, W., Shadiqi, M. A., Milla, M. N., & Muluk, H. (2020). An investigation of an Expanded Encapsulate Model of Social Identity in Collective Action (EMSICA) including perception of threat and intergroup contact to understand support for Islamist terrorism in Indonesia. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 23(1), 29–41. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajsp.12372
Zitácuaro?contreras, I., Vidal?álvarez, M., Hernández Y Orduña, M. G., Zamora?castro, S. A., Betanzo?torres, E. A., Marín?muñíz, J. L., & Sandoval?herazo, L. C. (2021). Environmental, economic, and social potentialities of ornamental vegetation cultivated in constructed wetlands of mexico. Sustainability (Switzerland), 13(11). https://doi.org/10.3390/su13116267
Published
2022-06-22
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Wirandari, N., & Qodir, Z. (2022). Women as Terrorists: a Motivational Factor Becomes a Terrorist In Indonesia: bahasa i. Substantive Justice International Journal of Law, 5(1), 69–85. https://doi.org/10.56087/substantivejustice.v5i1.162
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