Formulation of Customary Criminal Law in Future Criminal Code and Legal Enforcement in Indonesia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33096/substantivejustice.v4i2.149Keywords:
customary criminal law, local genius, pancasila, formulation, bill of criminal code, legal enforcementAbstract
The pros and cons were debated in limiting national legal substance with full recognition of Customary Criminal Law in the bill of Criminal Code and its future enforcement. On the other hand, there are arguments against the inclusion of Customary Criminal Law in the Criminal Code and the resulting disparities in legal enforcement caused by some Judges’ ignorance of judging customary criminal cases settled with the imposition of customary sanctions, which resulted in an unjust situation. This article aims to serve as a legal academic framework for establishing, identifying, and analyzing the formulation of Customary Criminal Law into the Indonesian Criminal Code, as well as to contribute to the discussion of judges’ roles in sentencing customary criminal cases, which they should determine and judge based on customary law. This article demonstrated the use of normative legal research in conjunction with statutory law, legal conceptual, and philosophical approaches to law. This article discovered that: first, several issues concerning the formulation of Customary Criminal Law into several national Bills of Criminal Code were debatable; second, it also cannot be enacted due to conflicting contexts with Criminal Law principles, unwillingness, and an ambiguous law-making process. Furthermore, the prospect of including the Customary Criminal Law in the Bill of Criminal Code is based on various justifications and legal needs that reflect the diverse local genius that still exists and adheres to Pancasila law principles. Additionally, it relates to a proposed new paradigm that Judges and other legal enforcers should adopt when enforcing Customary Criminal Law in any criminal customary case.
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References
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Kristiansen, S., & Trijono, L. (2005). Authority and Law Enforcement: Local Government Reforms and Security Systems in Indonesia. Contemporary Southeast Asia, 27(2), 236–254. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25798735
Larcom, S. (2013), Accounting for Legal Pluralism: The Impact of Pre-colonial Institutions on Crime, Law and Development Review, 6(1), 25–59, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/ldr-2013-0031
Machmudin, D.D. (2018). Modernization and Acceleration of Case Standard Handling and Reviewing on Indonesia Supreme Court, Journal of Legal, Ethical and Regulatory Issues, 21(3), 1-7.
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Otto, J.M. (2009). Rule of Law, Adat Law and Sharia: 1901, 2001, and Monitoring the Next Phase, Hague Journal on the Rule of Law, 1(1), 15–20, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1876404509000153
Priambodo, B. (2018). Pentahapan Sasaran Jangka Panjang, Menengah, dan Pendek, Jurnal Majelis: Media Aspirasi Konstitusi, 3(8), 1-8.
Roff, W.R. (2010). Customary Law, Islamic Law, and Colonial Authority: Three Contrasting Case Studies and Their Aftermath, Islamic Studies, 49(4), 455–462.
Sidharta, B. A. (1996). Refleksi tentang Fundasi dan Sifat Keilmuan Ilmu Hukum sebagai Landasan Pengembanan Ilmu Hukum Nasional Indonesia, [Doctoral diissertation, Padjadjaran University, Bandung] http://repository.unpar.ac.id/
Strauß, S. (2011). Water Conflicts among Different User Groups in South Bali, Indonesia, Human Ecology, 39(1), 69–79, DOI: http://dx.doi.org//10.1007/s10745-011-9381-3
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Suartha, I.D.M., Martha, I.D.A.G.M., & Hermanto, B., (2021), Innovation based on balinese local genius shifting alternative legal concept: towards indonesia development acceleration, Journal of Legal, Ethical, and Regulatory Issues, 24(7), 1-9. Retrieved: https://www.abacademies.org/journals/month-june-year-2021-vol-24-issue-6-journal-jleri-past-issue.html
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Sudiarawan, K.A., Tanaya, P.E., & Hermanto, B. (2020). Discover the Legal Concept in the Sociological Study, Substantive Justice International Journal of Law, 3(1), 94-108, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.33096/sjijl.v3i1.69, pp. 97-99.
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Warman, K., Isra, S., & Tegnan, H. (2018). Enhancing legal pluralism: The Role of Adat and Islamic Laws Within the Indonesian Legal System. Journal of Legal, Ethical and Regulatory Issues, 21(3), 1-9.
Wibisana, A.G. (2019). Menulis di Jurnal Hukum: Gagasan, Struktur, dan Gaya. Jurnal Hukum & Pembangunan, 49(2), 471-496, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21143/jhp.vol49.no2.2014 , pp. 481-482.
Yuliatin, Y., Husni, L., Hirsanuddin, H., & Kaharudin, K. (2021). Character Education Based on Local Wisdom in Pancasila Perspective, Journal of Legal, Ethical and Regulatory Issues, 24(1s). Retrieved from: https://www.abacademies.org/articles/character-education-based-on-local-wisdom-in-pancasila-perspective-10253.html
Yusa, I.G., Hermanto, B., & Aryani, N.M. (2020). No-Spouse Employment and the Problem of the Constitutional Court of Indonesia, Journal of Advanced Research in Law and Economics, 11(1), 214-226, DOI: https://doi.org/10.14505//jarle.v11.1(47).26
Yusa, I.G., Hermanto, B., & Ardani, N.K. (2021). Law Reform as the Part of National Resilience: Discovering Hindu and Pancasila Values in Indonesia’s Legal Development Plan, Proceedings of the International Conference of Democracy and National Resilience, 1-10, https:// www.atlantis-press.com/proceedings/icdnr-21/125966783
Arief, B.N. (2013). Beberapa Aspek Kebijakan Penegakan dan Pengembangan Hukum Pidana, 4th Edition, Badan Penerbit Fakultas Hukum Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang.
Bedner, A., & van Huis, S., (2008), The return of the native in Indonesian law Indigenous communities in Indonesian legislation, Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde, 164(2/3), 165-193. http://www.jstor.org/stable/27868480
Buchanan, R.M. (2011). ‘‘Passing through the Mirror’’: Dead Man, Legal Pluralism and the De-territorialization of the West. Law, Culture and the Humanities, 7(2), 289–309, DOI: http://dx.doi.org//10.1177/1743872109360122
Budiartha, I.N.P. (2019), The Existence of Pancasila as A Basic Rule toward the Dispute Settlement of Complaint Offence through Penal Mediation Outside the Court of Indonesia. Journal of Legal, Ethical and Regulatory Issues, 22(2), 1-5. Retrieved: https://www.abacademies.org/articles/the-existence-of-pancasila-as-a-basic-rule-toward-the-dispute-settlement-of-complaint-offence-through-penal-mediation-outside-the-8166.html
Carnegie, M. (2010), Living with difference in rural Indonesia: What can be learned for national and regional political agendas? Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 41(3), 449–481, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022463410000263
Chua, L.J. (2014), Charting Socio-Legal Scholarship on Southeast Asia: Key Themes and Future Directions, Asian Journal of Comparative Law, 9(1), 5–27, DOI: http://dx.doi.org//10.1515/asjcl-2014-0067
Creese, H. (2009), Old Javanese legal traditions in pre-colonial Bali, Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde, 165(2-3), 241-290. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/22134379-90003636
Creese, H. (2009). Judicial processes and legal authority in pre-colonial Bali, Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde, 165(4), 515-550. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/22134379-90003631
Demian, M., (2014). On the Repugnance of Customary Law, Comparative Studies in Society and History, 56(2), 508–536, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0010417514000127.
Duncan, C. R. (2009). Reconciliation and revitalization: The resurgence of tradition in postconflict Tobelo, North Maluku, Eastern Indonesia. Journal of Asian Studies, 68(4), 1077-1104. https://doi.org/10.1017/S002191180999074X
Fagertun, A. (2017). Waves of Dispossession: The Conversion of Land and Labor in Bali’s Recent History, Social Analysis, 61(3), 108–125, DOI: http://dx.doi.org//10.3167/sa.2017.610307
Gauri, V. (2010). Customary Law and Economic Outcomes in Indonesia, Hague Journal on the Rule of Law, 2(1), 75–94, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1876404510100049
Hadiprayitno, I, I (2010). Defensive Enforcement: Human Rights in Indonesia, Human Rights Review, 11(3), 373–399, DOI http://dx.doi.org//10.1007/s12142-009-0143-1
Henley, D. & Davidson, J.S. (2008). In the Name of Adat: Regional Perspectives on Reform, Tradition, and Democracy in Indonesia, Modern Asian Studies, 42(4), 815–852, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0026749X07003083
Hermanto, B. (2021). Discover Future Prospect of Indonesia Criminal Law Reform: Questioning Adat Criminal Law existence, Material and Formal Legislation, and Constitutional Court Decision Frameworks, Paper was presented at International Seminar Udayana University and University of Melbourne, 17 June, 1-20.
Holden, L. (2020). Cultural Expertise and Law: An Historical Overview, Law and History Review, 38(1), 29-46, DOI: http://dx.doi.org//10.1017/S073824801900049X
Jaya, N.S.P. (2005). Relevansi Hukum Pidana Adat dalam Pembaharuan Hukum Pidana Nasional, Citra Aditya Bhakti, Bandung.
Kameo, J. & Prasetyo, T. (2021). Pancasila as the First and Foremost Source of Laws: A Dignified Justice Philosophy, Journal of Legal, Ethical and Regulatory Issues, 24(1s), 1-8. https://www.abacademies.org/articles/pancasila-as-the-first-and-foremost-source-of-laws-a-dignified-justice-philosophy-10189.html
Koerniawaty, S. (2019). The Role of Penal Mediation to Resolve Criminal Acts that Cause Harms to Others in Indonesian Military Court, Journal of Legal, Ethical and Regulatory Issues, 22(2), 1-7.
Kristiansen, S., & Trijono, L. (2005). Authority and Law Enforcement: Local Government Reforms and Security Systems in Indonesia. Contemporary Southeast Asia, 27(2), 236–254. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25798735
Larcom, S. (2013), Accounting for Legal Pluralism: The Impact of Pre-colonial Institutions on Crime, Law and Development Review, 6(1), 25–59, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/ldr-2013-0031
Machmudin, D.D. (2018). Modernization and Acceleration of Case Standard Handling and Reviewing on Indonesia Supreme Court, Journal of Legal, Ethical and Regulatory Issues, 21(3), 1-7.
Maroni, M., & Ariani, N.D. (2018). Humanistic Criminal Law Enforcement to Achieve Spiritual Justice, Journal of Legal, Ethical and Regulatory Issues, 21(2), 1-5.
Maroni, M., Sitepu, S., & Ariani, N.D. (2019). Humanistic Law Enforcement as the Application of the Value of Justice, Expediency and Legal Certainty Based on Pancasila. Journal of Legal, Ethical and Regulatory Issues, 22(4). Retrieved from: https://www.proquest.com/openview/1b0c783b99380631e39d1620a980673b/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=38868
O.C.A. Johnson. (2017). Equality Law Pluralism, Columbia Law Review, 117(7), 1973-2004.
Otto, J.M. (2009). Rule of Law, Adat Law and Sharia: 1901, 2001, and Monitoring the Next Phase, Hague Journal on the Rule of Law, 1(1), 15–20, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1876404509000153
Priambodo, B. (2018). Pentahapan Sasaran Jangka Panjang, Menengah, dan Pendek, Jurnal Majelis: Media Aspirasi Konstitusi, 3(8), 1-8.
Roff, W.R. (2010). Customary Law, Islamic Law, and Colonial Authority: Three Contrasting Case Studies and Their Aftermath, Islamic Studies, 49(4), 455–462.
Sidharta, B. A. (1996). Refleksi tentang Fundasi dan Sifat Keilmuan Ilmu Hukum sebagai Landasan Pengembanan Ilmu Hukum Nasional Indonesia, [Doctoral diissertation, Padjadjaran University, Bandung] http://repository.unpar.ac.id/
Strauß, S. (2011). Water Conflicts among Different User Groups in South Bali, Indonesia, Human Ecology, 39(1), 69–79, DOI: http://dx.doi.org//10.1007/s10745-011-9381-3
Suartha, I. D. M., Puspitosari, H., & Hermanto, B. (2020). Reconstruction Communal Rights Registration in Encouraging Indonesia Environmental Protection. Reconstruction, 29(3s), 1277-1293.
Suartha, I.D.M., Martha, I.D.A.G.M., & Hermanto, B., (2021), Innovation based on balinese local genius shifting alternative legal concept: towards indonesia development acceleration, Journal of Legal, Ethical, and Regulatory Issues, 24(7), 1-9. Retrieved: https://www.abacademies.org/journals/month-june-year-2021-vol-24-issue-6-journal-jleri-past-issue.html
Suartha, I.D.M., Martha, I.D.A.G.M., & Puspitosari, H. (2020). The Synchronization of Bali Local Genius Value and the State Legal Value, International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology, 29(4), 1717-1725.
Sudiarawan, K.A., Tanaya, P.E., & Hermanto, B. (2020). Discover the Legal Concept in the Sociological Study, Substantive Justice International Journal of Law, 3(1), 94-108, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.33096/sjijl.v3i1.69, pp. 97-99.
Susilowati, C.M.I. (2019). Establishing Humanistic Tendencies through Restorative Justice in the Law Enforcement Context, Journal of Legal, Ethical and Regulatory Issues, 22(2), 1-6. Retrieved: https://www.abacademies.org/articles/establishing-humanistic-tendencies-through-restorative-justice-in-the-law-enforcement-context-8169.html
Tuori, K. (2013). The Disputed Roots of Legal Pluralism. Law, Culture and the Humanties, 9(2), 330-351, DOI: http://dx.doi.org//10.1177/1743872111412718
Vel, J., Zakaria, Y., & Bedner, A. (2017), Law-Making as a Strategy for Change: Indonesia’s New Village Law, Asian Journal of Law and Society, 4(2), 447–471, DOI: http://dx.doi.org//10.1017/als.2017.21
Wardana, A. (2014), Alliances and Contestations in the Legal Production of Space: The Case of Bali, Asian Journal of Comparative Law, 9(1), 145–171. DOI: http://dx.doi.org//10.1515/asjcl-2014-0030
Warman, K., Isra, S., & Tegnan, H. (2018). Enhancing legal pluralism: The Role of Adat and Islamic Laws Within the Indonesian Legal System. Journal of Legal, Ethical and Regulatory Issues, 21(3), 1-9.
Wibisana, A.G. (2019). Menulis di Jurnal Hukum: Gagasan, Struktur, dan Gaya. Jurnal Hukum & Pembangunan, 49(2), 471-496, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21143/jhp.vol49.no2.2014 , pp. 481-482.
Yuliatin, Y., Husni, L., Hirsanuddin, H., & Kaharudin, K. (2021). Character Education Based on Local Wisdom in Pancasila Perspective, Journal of Legal, Ethical and Regulatory Issues, 24(1s). Retrieved from: https://www.abacademies.org/articles/character-education-based-on-local-wisdom-in-pancasila-perspective-10253.html
Yusa, I.G., Hermanto, B., & Aryani, N.M. (2020). No-Spouse Employment and the Problem of the Constitutional Court of Indonesia, Journal of Advanced Research in Law and Economics, 11(1), 214-226, DOI: https://doi.org/10.14505//jarle.v11.1(47).26
Yusa, I.G., Hermanto, B., & Ardani, N.K. (2021). Law Reform as the Part of National Resilience: Discovering Hindu and Pancasila Values in Indonesia’s Legal Development Plan, Proceedings of the International Conference of Democracy and National Resilience, 1-10, https:// www.atlantis-press.com/proceedings/icdnr-21/125966783
Published
2021-12-30
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Rusdi Antara, G. E., Budiana, I. N., & Sadnyini, I. A. (2021). Formulation of Customary Criminal Law in Future Criminal Code and Legal Enforcement in Indonesia. Substantive Justice International Journal of Law, 4(2), 164–181. https://doi.org/10.33096/substantivejustice.v4i2.149
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